Relationship Between Hardware And Software In Hindi

Hardware and software
There are numerous concerns amongst the general public and IT practitioners where computers are concerned. A computer system is a configuration of five elements; Hardware, Software, Data, Personnel and Procedures.
In this topic you will study Hardware (the physical parts of the computer system), Software (the set of instructions or programs that run the hardware) and their relationship.

  • Hardware (parts of a computer system)
  • Software
  • Relationship between Hardware & Software
  • Programming Languages

Relationship between hardware and software Software and Hardware work together to process the input. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) processes input into output through the fetch-execute cycle. Download whatsapp for blackberry torch 9810. The CPU is made up of several different parts including: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU) and various registers. We explain The Relationship Between Hardware and Software with video tutorials and quizzes, using our Many Ways(TM) approach from multiple teachers.

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Information
A computer system is made up of five elements or parts:
  • Personnel or people are the users of the system
  • Data are the individual facts represented by binary code that are input into the system
  • Hardware is the physical units of the system
  • Software is the programs or sets of instructions that control the processing and movement of data within the computer system
  • Procedures are the sets of instructions that specify what processing is to be performed.
Hardware
Definition
“Hardware is the physical components of a computer system: the keyboard, monitor, disk drive, printer, circuits, chips, printed circuit boards..”. (Wilson.C, (2001) Software Design and Development: The Preliminary Course.)
Information
All hardware must perform some function if it is to be of use to the system. Commonly, hardware devices are categorized according to their main function; Input, Output, Storage, Processing or Control.
Input puts data into the computer in a form ready for processing
Output takes the processed data and makes it available to people or other systems
Processing works with the data to achieve the purpose of the system
Control coordinates the activities of all the components of the computer system
Storage keeps data for later use by the computer
Software
Definition
“Software is the programs or instructions that run a computer system. Software works with hardware in that software provides the instructions and hardware actually carries out the work'.(Wilson.C, (2001) Software Design and Development: The Preliminary Course.)
Information
Software is the set of instructions used to direct the operation of the hardware causing it to solve some problem. Software is the communication link between hardware and users. There are two main types of software present in all computer systems; system software and application software, and within these two categories there are subcategories.
Relationship between hardware and software
Software and Hardware work together to process the input. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) processes input into output through the fetch-execute cycle. Relationship Between Hardware And Software In Hindi
The CPU is made up of several different parts including: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU) and various registers. Its performance is measured in GHz or Petaflops(speed) and word size (power), for example Pentium4 2.4 GHz 32 bit Quad Core.
  • The Arithmetic and Logic Unit performs calculations
  • The Control Unit loads and executes instructions
  • The current instruction is stored in the Instruction Register
  • The other Registers store the results of calculations (Accumulator) and where the next instruction is to come from (Program Counter)
  • Communications between the CPU and memory occur using Buses - Address Bus, Data Bus, and the Control Bus
Primary and secondary storage
There are typically two types of storage used in computers - primary and secondary. Both memory types are physical devices inside the computer. Upgrading them requires the purchase of more hardware.
Secondary storage
  • holds anything permanent - such as applications and files
  • stores programmed instructions the most common instructions required (new, close, exit, etc) and transfers to RAM when necessary
  • does not need a constant flow of electricity to keep data (can be turned off without risk)
  • typically referred to as the hard disk or solid state drive
  • external and independent from the Central Processing Unit
Primary storage
  • used to hold and store only the data that is needed at the moment
  • requires a constant flow of electricity to operate
  • volatile memory - all data is lost when turned off
  • typically referred to as RAM or Random Access Memory
  • key component of operation of the Central processing unit
A screenshot from a joke website pretending to give away downloadable RAM - an impossible purchase since RAM is hardware.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture
To process data, the CPU performs a cycle of events on a single instruction. This is called the fetch-execute cycle or machine cycle.
  • Fetch: The instruction is retrieved from memory and decoded in the control section. The address bus conveys the address to the memory controller that selects the cell address in memory containing the instructions
  • Decode: The instruction at the address is sent on the data bus to the decoder where it is decoded into an opcode (is the instructions for processing the data) and an operand (data which needs to be processed). The opcode is sent to the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit). The operand goes on the address bus to the memory controller that retrieves the data from the memory cell. This data is sent on the data bus.
  • Execute: The processing section carries out the decoded instruction, sending data to or from memory as needed.
  • Store: The result of the ALU's calculation is stored in the accumulator.

Programming languages
Definition
“Programming Languages are a set of codes for the step-by-step instructions that direct the computer to perform the set task or tasks'.(Wilson.C, (2001) Software Design and Development: The Preliminary Course.)
Programs are a complete set of instructions written in a programming language, which tell a computer how to carry out a task.
Computers only understand 1's and 0's (binary code). Very, very few humans can 'talk' to computers in binary code. Therefore humans need alternate, more human ways to instruct computers. Programming languages provide the means of instructing computer in a more human way.
Programming languages have been around since computing was invented. Programming languages are typically divided into generations, where each generation is closely tied to the developments in hardware at that time.
Different languages have been developed to solve the tasks. Development is usually tied to the development of hardware and/or the development of the user’s needs.
Programming languages have been divided into two kinds – Low-level languages and High-level languages.
Low-level Languages
  • Are those understood directly by the computer
  • Run more quickly than other types of programming languages
  • Were the first types of language to be developed
  • They are still in use today, especially where speed is required. For example for BIOS on the ROM chip
  • There are two generations of low-level languages

High-level Languages
  • Are more portable between different types of computers
  • Are understood by humans but not be computers. They are a language more like English
  • Must be translated into a code that can be understood by computers
  • There are three generations of low-level languages

There are five generations of programming languages. Most languages used today are third and fourth generation. Fifth generation is generally not believed as a fully existing generation ..yet.
http://technoshf.blogspot.com.au/2011_05_01_archive.html
Event Driven versus Sequential Programming
  • Sequential Programming is a step-by-step, logical process. Third generation languages such as Cobol, Fortran and Pascal follow this process. They are good for solutions that require a procedural approach with a distinct begin and end. On the negative, their construction is labour intensive, modulisation is limited, the computer dictates what the user must do next, and the program is unable to react to changed situations quickly and cost effectively
  • Event Driven Programming – The execution of an option triggers an event to occur. Fourth generation languages such as Visual Basic, Prolog, SQLs, Hyperscript use this method. They are non-procedural. Generally speaking the user has control of what happens and when. Typically used with graphical user interfaces. Advantages include low maintenance, easier for non-programmer and beginner programmers to learn and follow. They are able to be used on multiple processors and extremely good for prototyping. Disadvantages include careful design and planning and an intimate knowledge of the needs of the client and the actions of the user. Extremely good when external devices are attached to the computer.
Translation
Humans use programming languages to create sets of instructions or programs; computers only understand 1's and 0's. Therefore our programming language instructions need to be 'translated'. This is done using translators, that are themselves, software applications.
Translators take source code, created by humans, and turn it into object code that computers can understand.
The only programming language that a computer directly understands is a first generation program. Second generation and above cannot be directly understood by a computer. All other programming languages require another program (called a translator) to convert them into machine language either:
  • from source code to object code, or
  • from what humans write to what a computer understand.

There are three types of translators:
  • Compiler
  • Incremental Compiler
  • Interpreter
The History of programming languages
'In a world of increasing inter-connectivity, programming languages form the foundation. Did you know that the first programming language is over 100 years old and was written by a woman, Ada Lovelace? Join as us we delve into the history, evolution, and prevalance of programming languages over the years. In addition to outlining the history of languages and how each is traditionally used, you’ll find information on what type of vulnerabilities are most common in programs developed in each language and which flaws are most typically fixed once discovered' (Veracode 2013). This fantastic infographic provides meaningful information about past and present programming languages including their utilisation rate in 2013.