Ets2

Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

ETS2 (v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (avian))

Written2008-07Yvonne Buggy, Michael J Duffy
Drug Safety Research Unit, SO14 0 Southampton, UK (YB); UCD School of Medicine, Medical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland (MJD)

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(Note : for Links provided by Atlas : click)
Identity
Alias_namesv-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (avian)
v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2
Other aliasEts2
Ets-2
LOC114
ETS2IT1
HGNC (Hugo)ETS2
LocusID (NCBI)2114
Atlas_Id40503
Location21q22.2 [Link to chromosome band 21q22]
Location_base_pairStarts at 38805831 and ends at 38824954 bp from pter ( according to hg19-Feb_2009) [Mapping ETS2.png]
Local_orderChr 12: 39099101 - 39118749 on the direct strand
Fusion genes
(updated 2017)
Data from Atlas, Mitelman, Cosmic Fusion, Fusion Cancer, TCGA fusion databases with official HUGO symbols (see references in chromosomal bands)
BRWD1 (21q22.2) / ETS2 (21q22.2)ETS2 (21q22.2) / ERG (21q22.2)ETS2 (21q22.2) / ETS2 (21q22.2)
GBP2 (1p22.2) / ETS2 (21q22.2)SLC7A2 (8p22) / ETS2 (21q22.2)
DNA/RNA
Exon-Intron structure of human ETS2.
Description Ets-2 is a functioning gene comprising 10 exons and spanning 19.6 kb of genomic DNA. It encodes three mRNA transcripts: 4.7 kb, 3.6 kb and 2.7 kb, respectively (Watson et al., 1988). This suggests the existence of three functionally distinct proteins, potentially translated from these transcripts.
Transcription Structural analysis of the Ets2 promoter has revealed the absence of TATA and CAAT boxes, thus allowing transcription initiation from multiple start sites (Papas et al., 1990a). The first Intron of Ets2 also contains transcriptional initiation sequences, facilitating transcription. These sequences may compensate for the absence of TATA and CAAT sites within the promoter (Begue et al., 1997). The three RNA transcripts are thought to arise from alternative splicing by a number of different promoter polyadenylation signals (Watson et al., 1990). All Ets genes, including Ets2, are characterised by a region of conserved sequence known as the Ets domain (GGAA/T). This comprises an 85 amino acid region which forms the winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain (Watson et al., 1990).
Protein
Schematic representation of the Ets2 protein. The pointed domain, the transactivation domain and the Ets DNA binding domain are all shown.
Description 1-469 amino acids
Pointed domain: 87-170 amino acids
DNA binding domain: 363-443 amino acids.
The Ets2 protein consists of 469 amino acids, a pointed domain, a transactivation domain and the Ets DNA binding domain (Watson et al., 1988). The protein is thought to exist in two forms: a 52 kDa, thought to be the full length protein (Watson et al., 1988) and a 54 kDa protein, believed to be a phosphorylated protein (Ma et al.,1996). The Ets2 protein is phosphorylated by Ca2+- dependent mitogenic signaling (Fisher et al., 1989; Fujiwara et al., 1990).
Expression Ets2 has previously been shown to play a role in cell proliferation and differentiation (Kilpatrick et al., 1999). Early studies demonstrated that overexpression of Ets2 results in cellular transformation and proliferation in vitro (Seth et al.,1989). Furthermore, transfection of non-tumourigenic cell lines with Ets2 results in increased cell adhesion and enhanced invasiveness. Increased Ets2 expression has been observed in breast (Buggy et al., 2006; Galang et al., 2004), prostate (Foos et al., 2000; Turner et al., 2007b), esophageal (Li et al., 2003) and hepatocellular (Liao et al., 1996) carcinomas.
Localisation The Ets2 protein is located in the nucleus.
Function Ets-2 has a number of important functions defined in mammalian systems. Ets genes are thought to act as positive or negative regulators of gene expression involved in various biological processes (Papas et al., 1989; Sapi et al., 1998). Ets-2 is thought to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in certain cell types (Kilpatrick et al., 1999). In T-cells, Ets-2 expression is induced upon mitogenic stimulation (Bhat et al., 1987). It has been demonstrated that Ets-2 overexpression in myeloid progenitor cells stimulates the development of mature macrophages (Aperlo et al., 1996). Yamamoto et al., showed that deleting the Ets-2 gene in mice resulted in growth retardation and often embryonic death (Yamamoto et al.,1998). This may be due to a disruption in the transcriptional regulation of the epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-BETA.
Ets-2 expression has long been associated with Down's Syndrome. In 1990, Papas et al., identified and mapped two members of the Ets family of transcription factors - Ets-2 and Erg to the portion of chromosome 21 believed to be involved in Down's Syndrome (Papas et al., 1990 b). The Ets-2 gene is found in three copies in partial trisomies associated with the syndrome phenotype (Sacchi et al., 1988).
In the liver, Ets-2 expression has been associated with hepatic cell regeneration and also with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (Bhat et al., 1996; Liao et al., 1996). Ets-2 expression has also been found in 30 % of rheumatoid arthritis patients (Sun et al., 2001). Ets-2 expression was reported in the synovial cells, suggesting an intrinsic activation mechanism of this immediate early gene in the disease process (Dooley et al., 1996).
A distinct role for Ets-2 in malignant transformation has been established. Seth et al., demonstrated that Ets-2 expression in NIH3T3 cells stimulates growth in the absence of serum growth factors (Seth et al., 1989). This group also showed that cell lines producing high levels of Ets-2 were capable of proliferating in the absence of serum. The Ets-2 transformed cells also exhibited anchorage-independent cell growth in agar suspension and tumourigenesis in nude mice. This study provides the first evidence of the transforming ability and mitogenic activity of Ets-2. Similar findings have been obtained by Sapi et al., using BT20 breast carcinoma cells (Sapi et al., 1998). Using these cells, colony formation was abolished following transfection with a dominant negative construct of Ets-2. Induction of Ets-2 has also been shown to be necessary for thyroid cell transformation (Sapi et al., 1998).
Implicated in
Note
Entity Human malignancies
Note A growing number of human malignancies have been associated with Ets2 overexpression. Early studies have demonstrated overexpression of Ets2 results in cellular transformation (Seth et al., 1989). Ets2 has been shown to act as both a negative and positive regulator of gene expression in biological processes, including metastasis, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and apoptosis (Papas et al., 1990a).
EntityBreast Cancer
Disease Deregulation of Ets2 has been shown in human breast cancer (Turner et al., 2007a). Buggy et al., showed that both Ets2 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in human breast cancer compared with normal breast tissue (Buggy et al., 2006). Multiple studies in animal models and cell lines suggest that Ets2 is causally involved in breast cancer formation and progression (Buggy et al., 2006; Watabe et al., 1998). Transfection of the non-tumourigenic immortalized MCF-12A breast cancer cells with Ets2 resulted in serum growth factor independent proliferation, growth in soft agar and enhanced invasiveness (Sapi et al., 1998). In addition, Ets2 plays an important regulatory role in controlling expression of the breast tumour promoting protein, parathyroid hormone-related protein (Lindemann et al., 2003).
Entity Esophageal Carcinoma
Disease Overexpression of Ets2 has been observed in human esophageal carcinoma (Li et al., 2003). Compared with normal tissue expression of both Ets2 mRNA and protein are upregulated in tumour tissue, suggesting a role in the pathology of esophageal carcinoma.
EntityProstate Cancer
Disease Increased expression of Ets2 has been shown in human prostate cancer (Foos et al., 2000; Turner et al., 2007b). Inhibition of Ets2 by antisense oligonucleotides or dominant negative constructs reduces anchorage-independent growth of prostate cancer cells, significantly reduces the ability of cells to form colonies in soft agar and reduces tumour formation in nude mice. Furthermore, Ets2 has been associated with the transcriptional upregulation of uPA and matrix metalloproteinase's (Man et al., 2003; Trojanowska, 2000), which are associated with prognosis in prostate cancer.
Bibliography
Constitutive c-ets2 expression in M1D+ myeloblast leukemic cells induces their differentiation to macrophages.
Aperlo C, Pognonec P, Stanley ER, Boulukos KE.
Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16(12): 6851-6858.
PMID 8943340
Identification of a second promoter in the human c-ets-2 proto-oncogene.
Begue A, Crepieux P, Vu-Dac N, Hautefeuille A, Spruyt N, Laudet V, Stehelin D.
Gene Expr 1997; 6(6): 333-347
PMID 9495315
Pleiotropic functions of ETS-1.
Bhat N, Fischinger PJ, Seth A, Watson DK, Papas TS.
Int J Oncol. 1996; 8: 841-846.
Temporal and tissue-specific expression of mouse ets genes.
Bhat NK, Fisher RJ, Fujiwara S, Ascione R, Papas TS.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84(10): 3161-3165.
PMID 3472202
Ets2 transcription factor in normal and neoplastic human breast tissue.
Buggy Y, Maguire TM, McDermott E, Hill AD, O'Higgins N, Duffy MJ.
Eur J Cancer 2006; 42(4): 485-491.
PMID 16380248
Constitutive expression of c-fos and c-jun, overexpression of ets-2, and reduced expression of metastasis suppressor gene nm23-H1 in rheumatoid arthritis.
Dooley S, Herlitzka I, Hanselmann R, Ermis A, Henn W, Remberger K, Hopf T, Welter C.
Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55(5): 298-304.
PMID 8660103
c-ets-2 and the mitogenic signal pathway.
Fisher RJ, Fujiwara S, Bhat NK, Schweinfest CW, Papas TS.
Haematol Blood Transfus 1989; 32: 441-448.
PMID 2516500
Altered Ets transcription factor activity in prostate tumor cells inhibits anchorage-independent growth, survival, and invasiveness.
Foos G, Hauser CA.
Oncogene 2000; 19(48): 5507-5516.
PMID 11114728
Phosphorylation of the ETS-2 protein: regulation by the T-cell antigen receptor-CD3 complex.
Fujiwara S, Koizumi S, Fisher RJ, Bhat NK, Papas TS.
Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10(3): 1249-1253.
PMID 2137553
Changes in the expression of many Ets family transcription factors and of potential target genes in normal mammary tissue and tumors.
Galang CK, Muller WJ, Foos G, Oshima RG, Hauser CA.
J Biol Chem 2004; 279(12): 11281-1192.
PMID 14662758
Transcription factors Ets1, Ets2, and Elf1 exhibit differential localization in human endometrium across the menstrual cycle and alternate isoforms in cultured endometrial cells.
Kilpatrick LM, Kola I, Salamonsen LA.
Biol Reprod 1999; 61(1): 120-126.
PMID 10377039
Overexpression of ETS2 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Li X, Lu JY, Zhao LQ, Wang XQ, Liu GL, Liu Z, Zhou CN, Wu M, Liu ZH.
World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9(2): 205-208.
PMID 12532432
Expression of the c-jun, jun-B, ets-2 and liver regeneration factor-1 (LRF-1) genes during promotion and progression of rat liver carcinogenesis in the resistant hepatocyte model.
Liao DZ, Blanck A, Gustafsson JA, Hallstrom IP.
Cancer Lett 1996; 100(1-2): 215-221.
PMID 8620444
Ets2 and protein kinase C epsilon are important regulators of parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
Lindemann RK, Braig M, Hauser CA, Nordheim A, Dittmer J.
Biochem J 2003; 372(Pt 3): 787-797.
PMID 12628005
A novel ets-2-related nuclear factor is involved in transcriptional activation of the human interleukin-12 p40 gene promoter in response to interferon-gamma and LPS stimulation of monocytic cells.
Ma X, Gri G, Trinchieri G.
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 795: 357-360.
PMID 8958954
Ets2-dependent stromal regulation of mouse mammary tumors.
Man AK, Young LJ, Tynan JA, Lesperance J, Egeblad M, Werb Z, Hauser CA, Muller WJ, Cardiff RD, Oshima RG.
Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23(23): 8614-8625.
PMID 14612405
The ETS family of genes: structural analysis, gene products, and involvement in neoplasia and other pathologies.
Papas TS, Blair DG, Watson DK, Yuan CC, Ruscetti SK, Fujiwara S, Seth AK, Fisher RJ, Bhat NK, Mavrothalassitis G, et al.
Prog Clin Biol Res 1990a; 360: 137-168.
PMID 2247505
The ets family of genes: molecular biology and functional implications.
Papas TS, Fisher RJ, Bhat N, Fujiwara S, Watson DK, Lautenberger J, Seth A, Chen ZQ, Burdett L, Pribyl L, et al.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1989; 149: 143-147.
PMID 2659278
ETS family of genes in leukemia and Down syndrome.
Papas TS, Watson DK, Sacchi N, Fujiwara S, Seth AK, Fisher RJ, Bhat NK, Mavrothalassitis G, Koizumi S, Jorcyk CL, et al.
Am J Med Genet Suppl 1990b; 7: 251-261.
PMID 2149958
The ETS genes on chromosome 21 are distal to the breakpoint of the acute myelogenous leukemia translocation (8;21).
Sacchi N, Cheng SV, Tanzi RE, Gusella JF, Drabkin HA, Patterson D, Haines JH, Papas TS.
Genomics 1988; 3(2): 110-116.
PMID 3267212
Ets-2 transdominant mutant abolishes anchorage-independent growth and macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated invasion by BT20 breast carcinoma cells.
Sapi E, Flick MB, Rodov S, Kacinski BM.
Cancer Res 1998; 58(5): 1027-1033.
PMID 9500466
ETS2 function is required to maintain the transformed state of human prostate cancer cells.
Sementchenko VI, Schweinfest CW, Papas TS, Watson DK.
Oncogene 1998; 17(22): 2883-2888.
PMID 9879994
c-ets-2 protooncogene has mitogenic and oncogenic activity.
Seth A, Watson DK, Blair DG, Papas TS.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86(20): 7833-7837.
PMID 2813360
ETS proteins and MMPs: partners in invasion and metastasis.
Singh S, Barrett J, Sakata K, Tozer RG, Singh G.
Curr Drug Targets 2002; 3(5): 359-367.
PMID 12182227
Messenger-RNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and transcription factors in rheumatic synovial cells under mechanical stimuli.
Sun HB, Yokota H.
Bone 2001; 28(3): 303-309.
PMID 11248661
Ets factors and regulation of the extracellular matrix.
Trojanowska M.
Oncogene 2000; 19(55): 6464-6471. (Review)
PMID 11175362
Defining ETS transcription regulatory networks and their contribution to breast cancer progression.
Turner DP, Findlay VJ, Moussa O, Watson DK.
J Cell Biochem 2007a; 102(3): 549-559.
PMID 17661355
Prostate-derived ETS factor is a mediator of metastatic potential through the inhibition of migration and invasion in breast cancer.
Turner DP, Moussa O, Sauane M, Fisher PB, Watson DK.
Cancer Res 2007b; 67(4): 1618-1625.
PMID 17308102
The Ets-1 and Ets-2 transcription factors activate the promoters for invasion-associated urokinase and collagenase genes in response to epidermal growth factor.
Watabe T, Yoshida K, Shindoh M, Kaya M, Fujikawa K, Sato H, Seiki M, Ishii S, Fujinaga K.
Int J Cancer 1998; 77(1): 128-137.
PMID 9639404
Molecular analysis of the ets genes and their products.
Watson DK, Ascione R, Papas TS.
Crit Rev Oncog 1990; 1(4): 409-436.
PMID 1964597
Mammalian ets-1 and ets-2 genes encode highly conserved proteins.
Watson DK, McWilliams MJ, Lapis P, Lautenberger JA, Schweinfest CW, Papas TS.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85(21): 7862-7866.
PMID 2847145
Defective trophoblast function in mice with a targeted mutation of Ets2.
Yamamoto H, Flannery ML, Kupriyanov S, Pearce J, McKercher SR, Henkel GW, Maki RA, Werb Z, Oshima RG.
Genes Dev 1998; 12(9): 1315-1326.
PMID 9573048
Citation
This paper should be referenced as such :
Buggy, Y ; Duffy, MJ
ETS2 (v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (avian))
Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2009;13(6):409-412.
Free journal version : [ pdf ][ DOI ]
On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/ETS2ID40503ch21q22.html
Other Leukemias implicated (Data extracted from papers in the Atlas) [ 2 ]
t(21;21)(q22;q22) BRWD1/ETS2
t(21;21)(q22;q22) ETS2/ERG
External links
Nomenclature
HGNC (Hugo)
Cards
AtlasETS2ID40503ch21q22
Entrez_Gene (NCBI)ETS2 2114 ETS proto-oncogene 2, transcription factor
AliasesETS2IT1
GeneCards (Weizmann)ETS2
Ensembl hg19 (Hinxton)ENSG00000157557 [Gene_View]
Ensembl hg38 (Hinxton)ENSG00000157557 [Gene_View] ENSG00000157557 [Sequence] chr21:38805831-38824954 [Contig_View] ETS2 [Vega]
ICGC DataPortalENSG00000157557
TCGA cBioPortalETS2
AceView (NCBI)ETS2
Genatlas (Paris)ETS2
WikiGenes2114
SOURCE (Princeton)ETS2
Genetics Home Reference (NIH)ETS2
Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath hg38 (UCSC)ETS2 - chr21:38805831-38824954 + 21q22.2[Description] (hg38-Dec_2013)
GoldenPath hg19 (UCSC)ETS2 - 21q22.2[Description] (hg19-Feb_2009)
GoldenPath
ImmunoBaseENSG00000157557
Mapping of homologs : NCBI
OMIM164740
Gene and transcription
Genbank (Entrez)
RefSeq transcript (Entrez)
RefSeq genomic (Entrez)
Consensus coding sequences : CCDS (NCBI)ETS2
Cluster EST : UnigeneHs.644231 [ NCBI ]
CGAP (NCI)Hs.644231
Alternative Splicing GalleryENSG00000157557
Gene ExpressionETS2 [ NCBI-GEO ] ETS2 [ EBI - ARRAY_EXPRESS ] ETS2 [ SEEK ] ETS2 [ MEM ]
Gene Expression Viewer (FireBrowse)ETS2 [ Firebrowse - Broad ]
SOURCE (Princeton)Expression in : [Datasets][Normal Tissue Atlas][carcinoma Classsification][NCI60]
GenevestigatorExpression in : [tissues][cell-lines][cancer][perturbations]
BioGPS (Tissue expression)2114
GTEX Portal (Tissue expression)ETS2
Human Protein Atlas
Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
UniProt/SwissProt
NextProt
With graphics : InterProP15036
Splice isoforms : SwissVarP15036
PhosPhoSitePlusP15036
Domaine pattern : Prosite (Expaxy)ETS_DOMAIN_1(PS00345)ETS_DOMAIN_2(PS00346)ETS_DOMAIN_3(PS50061)PNT(PS51433)
Domains : Interpro (EBI)
Domain families : Pfam (Sanger)Ets(PF00178)SAM_PNT(PF02198)
Domain families : Pfam (NCBI)
Domain families : Smart (EMBL)ETS (SM00413) SAM_PNT (SM00251)
Conserved Domain (NCBI)ETS2
DMDM Disease mutations2114
Blocks (Seattle)ETS2
PDB (RSDB)
PDB Europe
PDB (PDBSum)
PDB (IMB)
Structural Biology KnowledgeBase
SCOP (Structural Classification of Proteins)
CATH (Classification of proteins structures)
SuperfamilyP15036
Human Protein Atlas [tissue]ENSG00000157557-ETS2 [tissue]
Peptide AtlasP15036
HPRD01263
IPI
Protein Interaction databases
DIP (DOE-UCLA)P15036
IntAct (EBI)P15036
FunCoupENSG00000157557
BioGRIDETS2
STRING (EMBL)ETS2
ZODIACETS2
Ontologies - Pathways
QuickGOP15036
Ontology : AmiGO
Ontology : EGO-EBI
Pathways : KEGG
REACTOMEP15036 [protein]
REACTOME PathwaysR-HSA-2559585 [pathway]
NDEx NetworkETS2
Atlas of Cancer Signalling NetworkETS2
Wikipedia pathwaysETS2
Orthology - Evolution
OrthoDB2114
GeneTree (enSembl)ENSG00000157557
Phylogenetic Trees/Animal Genes : TreeFamETS2
HOGENOMP15036
Homologs : HomoloGeneETS2
Homology/Alignments : Family Browser (UCSC)ETS2
Gene fusions - Rearrangements
Fusion : MitelmanETS2/ERG [21q22.2/21q22.2]
Fusion : FusionGDB
Fusion : Fusion_Hub
Fusion : QuiverETS2
Polymorphisms : SNP and Copy number variants
NCBI Variation ViewerETS2 [hg38]
dbSNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (NCBI)ETS2
dbVarETS2
ClinVarETS2
1000_GenomesETS2
Exome Variant ServerETS2
ExAC (Exome Aggregation Consortium)ENSG00000157557
GNOMAD BrowserENSG00000157557
Varsome BrowserETS2
Genetic variants : HAPMAP2114
Genomic Variants (DGV)ETS2 [DGVbeta]
DECIPHER
CONAN: Copy Number AnalysisETS2
Mutations
ICGC Data PortalETS2
TCGA Data PortalETS2
Broad Tumor PortalETS2
OASIS PortalETS2 [ Somatic mutations - Copy number]
Somatic Mutations in Cancer : COSMIC
Somatic Mutations in Cancer : COSMIC3DETS2
Mutations and Diseases : HGMDETS2
LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database)Whole genome datasets
LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database)LOVD - Leiden Open Variation Database
LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database)LOVD 3.0 shared installation
BioMutasearch ETS2
DgiDB (Drug Gene Interaction Database)ETS2
DoCM (Curated mutations)ETS2 (select the gene name)
CIViC (Clinical Interpretations of Variants in Cancer)ETS2 (select a term)
intoGenETS2
NCG5 (London)ETS2
Cancer3DETS2(select the gene name)
Impact of mutations
Diseases
OMIM164740
Orphanet
DisGeNETETS2
MedgenETS2
Genetic Testing Registry ETS2
NextProtP15036 [Medical]
TSGene2114
GENETestsETS2
Target ValidationETS2
Huge NavigatorETS2 [HugePedia]
snp3D : Map Gene to Disease2114
BioCentury BCIQETS2
ClinGenETS2
Clinical trials, drugs, therapy
Chemical/Protein Interactions : CTD2114
Chemical/Pharm GKB GenePA27903
Clinical trialETS2
Miscellaneous
canSAR (ICR)ETS2 (select the gene name)
DataMed IndexETS2
Probes
Litterature
PubMed121 Pubmed reference(s) in Entrez
GeneRIFsGene References Into Functions (Entrez)
CoreMineETS2
EVEXETS2
GoPubMedETS2
iHOPETS2
REVIEW articlesautomatic search in PubMed
Last year publicationsautomatic search in PubMed
Search in all EBINCBI
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